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 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large and diverse group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon-fluorine bonds. These bonds make PFASs highly resistant to chemical, biological, and thermal degradation. As a result, PFASs are often referred to as "forever chemicals". PFASs have been widely used in industrial applications and consumer products such as firefighting foams, non-stick cookware, textiles, food packaging, and surface coatings. Due to their high persistence, mobility, and toxicity, PFASs are detected globally in water, soil, air, wildlife, and humans.
-Many researchers have reported that polyfluorinated substances used in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) can transform into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), which are among the most persistent PFASs due to the fully fluorinated nature of all carbons on the molecule. Some examples of polyfluorinated precursors that can biotransformation into PFOA in the environment are shown below.
+Many researchers have reported that polyfluorinated substances used in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) can transform into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), which are among the most persistent PFASs due to the fully fluorinated nature of all carbons on the molecule. Some examples of polyfluorinated precursors that can biotransform into PFOA in the environment are shown below.
 {{ :pfoa_precursors.svg |}}